Thinking Activity :- Future of Postcolonial Studies: Globalization and Environmentalism
Hello Readers ;
Article 1 & 2 both are taken from Ania Loomba . In this both article discuss about postcolonialism .Both article is very intresting . lets we can see both article's summary.
Click here for more information :- Ghayal: Once Again
In this movie , there is no also reference of "નર્મદા આંદોલન". There is very conflict raised in that time because they take a land of poor people because government make a sardar sarovar dam.
This blog is a part of my classroom thinking activity .This activity given by Dr. Dilip Barad Sir. In this blog I would like to said about two articles on future of postcolonial studies : Globalization and Environmentalism and some intresting examples .
let's we can discuss about that two articles :
1. CONCLUSION : GLOBALISATION AND THE FUTURE OF POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES
In this article writer discuss about three important topics ;
1. liberalisation ( Click here )
2. Globalization ( Click here )
3.Privatization ( Click here )
This article start with 11 September 2001 attack in Newyork city , America. The so- called global war on terror , and the US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq , it is harder than ever to see our world as simply ` Postcolonial `. With the concept of `Global War ` - we get the sancation to use the language of violence along side of `Globalisation `.The violent event attack on twin towers are also part of the phenomenon , we think of as Globalisation.
Article's some intresting points :
- Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri - ' EMPIRE'
- Arjun Appadurai - Modernity at large : cultural dimansions of Globalisation
- Simon Gikandi - ' Globalisation and the claims of post coloniality '
- E. Balibar - Racism & Nationalism
- Samuel Huntington - Clash of Civilisations
- P.Sainath - And then there was the market
- Kalpan - Supremacy by stealth
- Niall Ferguson
- NBA
- ACTA
Now a days economies ; politics , cultures and identities are all better described in terms of transnational networks , regional and international flows and the dissolu tion of geographic and cultural borders .
In contrast to imperialism , Empire establisheş no territorial center of power and does not rely on fixed boundaries or barriers . It is a decen tered and deterritorializing apparatus of rule that progressively incor porates the entire global realm within its open , expanding frontiers Empire manages hybrid Identities , flexible hierarchies , and plural exchanges through modulating networks of command . The distinct national colors of the imperial map of the world have merged and blended in the imperial global rainbow.
Than ‘Cultural crisis’ and we have seen some example of ‘Modernity at Large’ by Arjun Appadurai . Simon Gikandi astutely observes that despite the fact that globalization is so often seen to have made redundant the term of postcolonial critique, newness of globalization, key terms of post colonial studies: hybridity and difference’. Also homological connection to transformation in social or cultural relationships.
Babilar, the new racial ideologies are not less rigid simply because they invoke culture instead of nature, we can see now a days that ' culture can also function like a nature ' and can be equally pernicious.
Today , he writes , carries with it an image of Islam as a " conception of the world ".Thus , Muslims are regarded as people who can never successfully assimilate into Western societies. Balibar himself connects neo- racism to the anti - semitism of the Renaissance.
Samuel Huntington's rhetoric of the ' clash of civilization ' and medieval anti- semitism and Islamophobia.In early modern views of Muslims and Jews are also important in reminding us that culture and biology. Muslims as despotic and intractable, and Asians as inscrutable and hard working but speak to contemporary global economic and political rivalries.
One of the interesting things connected with it is ‘Market Fundamentalism.’ P. Sainath observes, far from fostering ideological openness, has resulted in its own fundamentalism, which then catalyzes other in reaction.
“ Market Fundamentalism destroys more human lives than any other simply because it cuts across all national, cultural, geographic, religious and other boundaries. It’s as much at home in Moscow as in Mumbai or Minnesota. South Africa- whose advances in the early 1990s thrilled the world- moved swiftly from apartheid to neoliberalism. It sits in early Hindu, Islamic or Christian societies. And its fundamentalisms. Based on the premise that the market is the solution to all the problems of the human race, it is, too, a very religious fundamentalism. It has its own Gospel: The Gospel of St. Growth of St. Choice…”
we all know that market fundamentalism destroy more human lives than any other simply because it cuts across all national, cultural, geographic, religious and other boundaries. It's as much at home in Moscow as in mumbai.
An essay in The Atlantic Monthly by R.D.Kalpan tellingly entitled ' Supremacy by Stealth '. Kalpan offers ten rules for the US Empire , all of which require him to go back to the British Empire , but also to America's own past.
In this article Niall Ferguson Suggests that the US must learn from Britain and send its best and brightest students from its leading universities on the imperial mission.
So long as the American Empire dare not speak its name ... ambitious young men and women will take one look at the prospects for postwar Iraq and say with one voice, 'Don't even go there'. Americans need to go there. If the best and brightest insist on staying home, today's unspoken imperial project may end-unspeak- ably tomorrow.
We have some examples of ecocriticism.
1. NBA ( Click here )
2. ACTA ( Click here )
Today , the resistance to globalisation , moreover , often takes very local shape and involves struggles against national authorities , as in the case of the Narmada Bachao Andolan ( NBA ) in India , which has been protesting the Narmada Valley Development project to build scores of large dams across central India , dams which were not only unsustainable in themselves but which would cause the displacement of thousands of tribal peoples all across the Narmada valley .
The NBA developed new forms of resistance by drawing on the rich experience of the local people and about their knowledge of the land .The methods of the Gandhian anti - colonial struggle.
ACTA - American Council of Trustees and Alumni .
In this article Niall Ferguson Suggests that the US must learn from Britain and send its best and brightest students from its leading universities on the imperial mission.
American non-profit organization whose stated mission is to "support liberal arts education, uphold high academic standards, safeguard the free exchange of ideas on campus, and ensure that the next generation receives a philosophically rich, high-quality college education at an affordable price." ACTA does so primarily by calling on trustees to take on a more assertive governing role.
One most interesting things in “ACTA had complained only that Shakespeare and Renaissance classes were being polluted by a focus on social issues such as poverty and sexuality( ACTA 1996).
He says, become ' anti - American ' under the influence of postcolonial scholarship.
At the end of the article Edward said’ s about Orientalism.The core premise of post - colonial theory is that it is immoral for a scholar to put his knowledge of foreign languages and cultures at the service of American power. This book is not simply to established the connection between scholarship and state power in the colonial period, but to indicate its afterlife in a ‘post-colonial’ global formation which the US at its epicenter. The service of American or any other power , critiques of past and ongoing empires are going to be more necessary ever.
Examples :-
Let's, we have discuss some example about this article.
Maggi banned in India :-
Click here for more information :- nestle-unhealthy-food-controversy-looking-back-at-the-maggi-noodles-crisis-in-india
Soft-drink giants accused over pesticides :-
Click here for more information :- Coca cola & Pepsi
The tiger who exposed nestles formula scandal-in-pakistan
This is what was happening in the 90’s in Pakistan, where formula was proposed in bad faith as the more modern and healthier alternative to breast milk. Tigers, the movie by the director Danis Tanouvic (Oscar in 2002 for No Man’s Land), tells the real story of the former Nestlé salesman Syed Aamir Raza, who denounced the multinational’s criminal marketing policies, paying the price in terms of professional and personal consequences. The “Tigers” were those expert salesmen that were trained to convince people to stop breast feeding because it was described as an archaic and obsolete practice, in favour of artificial milk, which was strongly incentivised to doctors through samples, dinners, travels, and other benefits offered by the company.
Click here for more information , Nestle formula scandal-in-pakistan
Click here for more information :- Twitter vs Government
While discussing this article in our classroom that time we have discussed some movies connected with this term .
Click here for more infomation :- Sonali Cable
Click here for more information :- Madaari
Click here for more information :- Zero Dark Thirty
Click here for more information :- Rang De Basant
Click here for more information :- The_Da_Vinci_Code_(film)
2. CONCLUSION : THE FUTURE POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES
This article starts with the practitioners of Postcolonial studies ,like Gayatri Chakravorty Spiva.
"No longer have a Postcolonial perspective.I think Postcolonial is the day before yesterday". (Spivak:2013: 2)
Article's some interesting points :
- Vandana Shiva
- Arundhati Roy
- Harvey
- Chakrabarty
- Baucam
- Schmitt
In this article Loomba said that through the Globalization we more damage to environment. At conclusion she want to briefly reflect on some of these challenges and what they might mean for a postcolonial critique.She start her article with the topic of ecology, Which is not a new concern for many intellectual and activists concerned with the contemporary lagacies of colonialism.
According to Vandana Shiva has exposed the connection between colonialism and the destruction of environmental diversity. She argues that the growth
of capitalism, and now of trans-national corporations, exacerbated the dynamic begun under colonialism which has destroyed sustain-
able local cultures; these cultures were also more women-friendly,
partly because women’s work was so crucially tied to producing
food and fodder. Other feminist environmentalists are more sceptical
of such an assessment of pre-colonial cultures, which, they point
out, were also stratified and patriarchal; however, they agree that
questions of ecology and human culture are intricately linked.
Especially in the so-called third world, they state, one cannot talk
about saving the environment while ignoring the needs of human
lives and communities (Shiva 1988; Agarwal 1999).
Arundhati Royreminds us that tribal people in central India have a history of resistance that predates Mao by centuries.
In that Luxemburg's ideas remain important today for two reasons.
1.She alert us to the deep historical connection between trade and colonialism.
2.She reminds us that accumulation is a constant process rather than a past event.
According to Globalisation is a spectacular display of the energy of capital as it moves across the world in seach of new markets and new raw materials,goodand labour,while there is certainly a redefinition of older colonial and neo-colonial boundaries through this process, the newer divisions build on former patterns of dispossession. Because it is an ongoing process, David Harvey suggests that we redefine ‘primitive accumulation’ as ‘accumulation by dispossession’ (2005: 144).
According to Harvey ;
All the features of primitive accumulation that Marx mentions have remained powerfully present with capitalism’s historical geography until now. Displacement of peasant populations and the formation of a landless proletariat has accelerated in countries such as Mexico and India in the last three decades, many formerly common property resources, such as water, have been privatised (often at World Bank insistence) … alternative (indigenous and even, in the case of the United States, petty commodity) forms of production and consumption have been suppressed. Nationalised industries have been privatised. Family farming has been taken over by agribusiness. And slavery has not disappeared (particularly in the sex trade).
she raised question of 'indegenety' and ongoing colonial projects' are not limited to the particular settler colonial societies mentioned by Byrd and Rothberg. Finally the displacement of indigenous communities and the theft of their land are also defining features of many spaces that have been privileged in postcolonial studies such as South Asia and Africa, as is evident from environment for the survival of the ogoni people, an indigenous group in southeast Nigeria, whose oil-rich homelands were targeted for drilling by multinationals, leading to their large- scale displacement and to wide-scale eviryomental destruction.She mentioned Karl Marx and his idea of capitalism.
According to Chakrabarty ;
Climate change, refracted through global capital, will no doubt accentuate the logic of inequality that runs through the rule of capital; some people will no doubt gain temporarily at the expense of others. But the whole crisis cannot be reduced to a story of capitalism. Unlike in the crises of capitalism, there are no lifeboats here for the rich and the privileged (witness the drought in Australia or recent fires in the wealthy neighborhoods of California).
(Chakrabarty 2009: 221)
Chakrabarty also insist that we will have to abandon our previous conceptions of human freedom that entitled thinking about the injustice, oppression, inequality,or even uniformity foisted on them by other human or human made system. Now , the category of history itself is thrown into crisis by this planetary disaster which requires us to grasp time on a different - even non- human --- scale altogether.
According to Ian Baucom ;
Ian Baucon observes that a 'new universaliam: the universalism of species thinking' is being proposed here. He rightly
Suggests that concern with our planetary condition ' must be less distanced , less empyrean and less stratospheric .
We need not ask ' postcolonial studies to abandon recorded history ' but to engage with key moments that help us .
According to Schmitt;
'open' spaces in which the activity of European nations proceeded unrestrained: first, an immeasurable space of free land-the New World, America, the land of freedom i.e., land free for appropriation by Europeans-where the 'old' law was not in force; and second, the free sea-the newly discovered oceans conceived by the French, Dutch and English to be a realm of freedom. (Schmitt 2003: 94)
Although Schmitt cannot name it as such, he is really describing the way in which the global dynamic of primitive accumulation was inscribed within European law.Note also how " Nature " is used to justify political or cultural actions, which occurs when the two are understood as conceptually distinct realms.
In this article , Ania Loomba has also discussed some recent scholarship and political movements that show why the colonial past and the globalised present are deeply interconnected .
Examples :-
Click here for more information :- Sardar sarovar Dam
Click here for more information :- Narmada Bachao Andolan
Click here for more information :- People lost their land and homes
Click here for more information :- Honey Controversy
Click here for more information :- Anti Goonda act for Lakshadeep Forest
Click here for more information :- Kerala Restrict to use ground water by
Click here for more information :-Chardham Yatra project
Tatvamasi - Dhruv Bhatt
In this book he wrote about "Narmada "river.The novel remain totally aloof from the agitation in the villages and around Narmada Dam by school activities.
Dhruv Bhatt belongs to Bhat those witers who may not be considered as the historians,the interpreter of contemporary culture and the prophets of their people.such writers do not concern themselves with social themes.We can say that his concern is more spiritual in his writing and completely forgot about social realism.
While discussing this article in our classroom that time we have discussed some movies connected with this term .
Click here for more information :- Sherni_(2021_film)
Click here for more information :- The Social Dilemma Movie
Click here for more information :- Reva_(film)
Thank you...
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